Featured Post

This is the Kodak Moment for the Auto Industry

Plug-In Drivers Not Missin' the Piston Electric vehicles are here to stay. Their market acceptance is currently small but growing...

Tuesday, May 26, 2015

Road Funds Part 3 - Property Taxes

Today Oregon roads are funded from a variety of sources. According to a 2014 study by The Tax Foundation study, the sources for Oregon funds are:


User Fees Fuel Tax   License Fees Property Tax
3.1%
22.4%
29.4%
45.1%

There is a concern that the fuel tax funds are diminishing as fuel economy improves and more plug-in vehicles hit the roads. The idea we'll look at in this part is eliminating the fuel tax completely and moving this burden to the property tax column. Let's run this through our seven criteria from part 1 and see how it scores:

1) Have some correlation to road wear - 0 point
This tax is correlated to the value of the property that you own and has no connection to how much you drive.

2) Not be excessively regressive - 80 points
This will increase the tax on people with non-farm property. The more property you have, the more you would pay. This is not a regressive tax.

3) Provide adequate funds for transportation maintenance needs - 100 points
Property taxes are currently used to pay for many things, including roads. It could be used to cover the fuel tax.


4) Be simple to pay - 100 points
Property taxes are already in place. This would just add to how much is collected. No new system is needed to make payments or collect funds.

5) Allow for collection without invasion of personal privacy - 100 points
No additional personal information would be collected.

6) Allow for out-of-state travel without paying in-state road fees - 0 points
If you own property here, you will pay, regardless of where you travel.

7) Tax drivers from out-of-state when they are using Oregon roads - 0 points
This would not collect money from people that travel here.

Summary 

Adding it up with our scoring system, this solution of increasing property taxes only scores 380 points. This is less than the 520 points that increasing the gas tax scored.

Monday, May 25, 2015

Raise The Gas Tax: Road Funds Part 2

In part 1, we established that our transportation infrastructure is in poor shape and desperately needs funds and we determined what criteria would be used to measure the success of any new funding scheme.

Now we'll look at proposals that have been put forth as well as invent a few of our own. Here is the first proposal:

Raise The Gas Tax

One potential solution is to simply raise the gas tax. Gasoline is still our primary fuel source for cars on the road today and it will be for many years. In the last year, Virginia and Massachusetts raised several taxes to cover transportation costs, and a handful of states raised their gas taxes. This is the solution that Oregon Congressman Earl Blumenauer likes. In April of 2015 Rep. Blumenauer posted:
"The people on the ground understand there is no viable alternative to fund America's infrastructure needs. A gas tax increase is the only solution that is dedicated, sustainable for the long term, and big enough to do the job. ‪#‎FixTheTrustFund‬"
Increasing the gas tax would decrease gasoline use thereby reducing all the political, military, and environmental problems associated using gasoline. Additionally, no new mechanism is needed to collect these funds. This would be able to fund our roads for at least the next 20 years.

However, is it fair that EV drivers don't have to pay for roads at all? You could (and many EV drivers do) argue that EVs more that make up for this by not polluting the air or requiring the military to guard the Strait of Hormuz. But, your local DOT is only worried about fixing potholes and making sure the local bridges don't collapse. The externalities related to gasoline use are very important, but let's put them aside right now and focus only on transportation infrastructure funding.

Scoring 

Here's our criteria from part 1:

Road fund taxes/fees should:
1) Have some correlation to road wear
2) Not be excessively regressive
3) Provide adequate funds for transportation maintenance needs
4) Be simple to pay
5) Allow for collection without invasion of personal privacy
6) Allow for out-of-state travel without paying in-state road fees
7) Tax drivers from out-of-state when they are using Oregon roads

To assess each tax or fee idea, we'll walk through each item on the list and score it from 0 to 100. Some of these might be more important to you than others feel free to compute your own scores and add or subtract criteria.  Let's see how raising the gas tax scores:

1) Correlation to road wear - 30 points
Since heavier vehicles generally use more fuel and cause more road wear, there is some level of correlation. However, a gas tax increase does not cover alt-fuel vehicles. Electric cars, veggie oil, CNG, compressed air, or any other alt-fuel that can be dreamt up would sidestep a gas tax increase. These alt-fuel cars cause just as much wear as similar weight gas cars. The fact that some fuel types get a free ride here greatly reduces this solutions score in this area.

2) Not be excessively regressive - 0 points
A gas tax increase could be significantly regressive. Nearly all of us need to drive, whether it's for work, shopping, or errands. Increasing the gas tax would increase the tax burden more on the working poor.

3) Provide adequate funds for transportation maintenance needs - 100 points
Increasing the gas tax certainly could fund the roads. Any new tax should include automatic periodic inflation adjustment.

4) Be simple to report and pay - 100 points
Paying at the pump is simple; no forms, no bills, they even take credit cards.

5) Not invade personal privacy - 100 points
Paying at the pump does not ask you where you were or what road you were on. You can even pay in cash and it is completely anonymous.

6) Allow for out-of-state travel without paying in-state road fees - 100 points
When you drive to another state and you are buy gas somewhere else, you would not be paying Oregon road taxes.

7) Tax drivers from out-of-state when they are using Oregon roads - 90 points
When people in gas cars drive here from other states and fill up at a gas station in Oregon, they

Summary 

Tallying it up, Increasing The Gas Tax scored 520 out of a possible 700 in our system. Increasing the gas tax is a simple solution with no additional overhead costs. And since gas will dominate our transportation system for at least the next decade, it will meet the funding needs. Additionally, this can be done with no invasion of privacy. There are only two drawbacks to increasing the gas tax. one it is a regressive tax and, two, it does not tax EVs or other alt-fuels.

Sunday, May 24, 2015

Road Funds - Is there a perfect solution? Part 1

Construction of bridges and roadways, maintenance of bridges and roadways: paying for our transportation infrastructure is not cheap.

Transportation infrastructure is deteriorating nationwide. States are finding it difficult to maintain their roads and bridges and to fund new construction projects. One of the primary sources of funding for infrastructure is a gas tax. This source, however, is drying up.

A one-two punch has hit the gas tax. One, cars are being driven fewer miles. Oregon, for example hit peak driving in 2004. Each year since then has seen fewer miles on the state's roads. Millennials just don't drive as much as previous generations. They are digital natives and are happy to work at the corner coffee shop rather than an office 20 miles from their home. The second punch is that vehicles are becoming more fuel efficient. Hybrid and plug-in vehicles are steadily increasing the MPG rating of new cars.

Even with the reduction in miles driven, many of the road maintenance costs continue. So how should we fund our roads?

There are always behavioral elements associated with a taxes and fees that must be considered. In a simple model, governments tax the things they want to discourage and have incentives for the things they'd like to see proliferate. For our road funding thought experiment, I propose that any potential solution would be measured with the following criteria:

Road fund taxes/fees should:
1) Have some correlation to road wear
2) Not be excessively regressive
3) Provide adequate funds for transportation maintenance needs
4) Be simple to pay
5) Allow for collection without invasion of personal privacy
6) Allow for out-of-state travel without paying in-state road fees
7) Tax drivers from out-of-state when they are using Oregon roads

Constructing a solution to meet all of these goals will not simple. What do you think of these are the success criteria? People often disagree about things because they have different goals. If we have agreement on the goals, we're more likely to have agreement on the solution(s).

You might have noticed that there is no item in the above list for air pollution or CO2. These are important, but this is an issue for road funding. If the externalities of fossil fuel use is to be addressed (and I think they should), that would be independent from road funds. So something such as a carbon tax is outside of the scope of the road funding discussion.

In the next few posts let's look at a few proposed solutions and see how they rate against these criteria.


Potential Funding Method
Part 2 Raising the gas tax
Part 3 Increasing property taxes
Part 4 Increasing vehicle registration
Part 5 Tire tax
Part 6a GPS OReGO
Part 6b No GPS OReGO